in this week we learned about surveillance
in sort of surveillance, there is CCTV..
i think CCTV is important
With the rise in crime rates and the prevalence of terrorism, CCTV cameras have become an important aspect in our modern world. They can also be used for traffic purposes as well and this can make having them around a great thing. Not only does the unfortunate increase in crime and terrorism demand more CCTV cameras, but the convenience it can offer is also an excellent benefit.
As far as property crime is involved, such as car theft, there has been found many times over a reduced rate when CCTV cameras are being used in the area. It can reduce property theft by deterring those who would otherwise commit these crimes when they see a CCTV there. This type of deterrent can also work well when it comes to shoplifting and vandalism. In fact, it has shown to bring a decrease to both of these violations, making installing a CCTV in these types of situations invaluable. Many other crimes such as burglary and arson are also deterred by the use of CCTV cameras. These kinds of crimes greatly benefit from the installation and use of CCTV cameras, but what about personal crime?
An interesting study has been done in regards to personal crime, such as an assault, and the effectiveness of a CCTV camera to prevent it. It includes the concept of rational choice theory, where a suspect decides whether or not to commit the crime, moments before hand, with the help of different kinds of cues from around them. This means a criminal is less likely to carry out a personal crime such as assault on a victim that is near a CCTV camera or within range of one. The fact that the camera can pick up the suspects details and be caught later on will greatly deter someone from committing a crime within view of the CCTV camera. This makes having CCTV cameras around a very important step in preventing many of these types of crimes. It also makes being aware if there are CCTVs around important as well, to help protect yourself in certain situations. Not only does it help prevent some of these personal crimes, it can also deter drug crime as well.
Some other important aspects to setting up CCTV cameras are that it can also help prevent crimes in the surrounding areas as well. Although the crime may move to another area that does not have a CCTV camera, it has actually shown that it helps reduce crime overall and this is very important. It can also help encourage areas and places that do not have CCTV cameras to start using them, as they begin to see the benefits gained by others who do use them.
There are also some conveniences that can be gained by the introduction of CCTV cameras. For example in a traffic situation, if there is any kind of back up or weather conditions that would make it unsafe to drive, this can be seen a head of time and reported to the proper place in order to prevent more hassle later on down the road. It is also important to have CCTV cameras to catch traffic incidents early on, especially if there is an accident, if a CCTV camera is present it can help better locate the accident and get help there quicker.
Besides these obvious benefits, having CCTV cameras around is very important to peace of mind to the everyday citizen. Especially with terrorism as a new concern that many people have on their mind. With the increase of CCTV cameras around most people begin to feel more comfortable and have greater peace of mind. They feel that it is more likely that criminals and terrorists will be caught because of the presence of these cameras. Having peace of mind because of the presence of these CCTV cameras can be a very important reason to use them.
With all the great benefits and the reduction of crime rate there are many reasons why CCTV is important to the modern world. When you have a great reduction of crime rates and the peace of mind that comes with that, CCTV is very important in this aspect. No price can be put on the peace of mind that can come from knowing there is someone watching and keeping an eye out on your safety and well-being.

human.

in this week, we learned about human anc cyborgs

but i can't find ppt file.

so i am going to write that i remembered

what is human biengs..

this question is so abstractive..

but i think.. and write bellow..

We can acquire all sorts of knowledge as long as our senses functions the way they were meant
to function and we can learn what our body is capable of learning. Since the golden age in Greece
through the dark ages into our modern world, there has been a multitude of men and women
trying to acquire the knowledge of who we really are and what our purpose might be on this
planet. There cannot be a reasonable way to explain the meaning of life without first knowing
what we are, who we are, and why we are. ?Know Thyself? like the oracle of Delfi once said.
Analyzing this can be difficult and has been explained by many philosophers through time by
using their various scientific and logical tools. This curious type of organism that has been
analyzed in so many ways is scientifically classified as an animal. It is constantly on a quest to
gain knowledge through questioning thoughts as well as various forms of physical items in order
to create a picture of reality. I believe a human being is a creation containing two unique parts,
equally important for our ability to interact with everything that surrounds us along an endless
mysterious path known as time. One part is crystal clear; it is the physical and material matter
occupying space, known as the body. This form of matter has size, shape, and dimensions and
can be experienced empirically. The other part of the human being is harder to understand since
it has no shape, size, or dimensions and cannot be experienced by empirical knowledge, it is the
mind. Here our deepest feelings, emotions, consciousness, and our idea of reality originate. Even
though our thoughts involving our senses are created in our mind we cannot see, hear, touch,
feel, or taste the mind. Combining these two parts allows us to act in certain ways and evaluate
certain things.
Travelling in space interacting with everything that surrounds us to gain knowledge by
experience would be known to Protagoras as an empirical type of Psychology. Reality is the sum
of all the experiences throughout time making a human a constantly curious organism willing to
learn from experience. Socrates would also agree with this to a certain extent, using his talent of
questioning. Gaining knowledge through interacting with everything that surrounds us, through
questioning people about what they hold to be true interpretations of life. Although knowledge
itself was not so important to Socrates it was the benefits of learning and the desire for happiness
guided by a daemon which had value. I do not agree with Socrates fully since human beings are
curious and want to explore some things we might not consider would lead to happiness. It would
be much harder for humans to know themselves without knowing the meaning of the pain
principle that does not lead to happiness. However Plato would not fully agree with Socrates
either, this is demonstrated through his ?Myth of the Cave?. The search for true knowledge by
using the senses is what makes a human being aware of reality and him/her self. It is the
importance of acquiring the knowledge that is more important then the benefits. Interacting
with whatever is surrounding us allows the human being to gain knowledge, thus getting to know
him/her self. I do not totally agree with Plato either since he claimed that the truth of human
nature involves knowledge of another world. Using the senses to gain knowledge, and that it is
the knowledge that is more important then the benefits of knowledge, I agree with. Interestingly
Plato?s student Aristotle reasoned that humans are rational animals and human nature requires
only knowledge of our own world. Again interacting with our surroundings using our senses is
important to Aristotle; ?The purpose of the eye is to see, and of the ears to hear.? Clearly the
philosophers of ancient Greece agree that the human being interact with everything that
surrounds him/her in order to gain knowledge. Although the knowledge and its importance have
its own meaning to Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Before these western philosophers great visionaries of India had created a theory, for life and
reality in a collection of hymns known as the Vedas. I do not like their idea of a fundamental
reality which is neither existence nor non-existence. Although among other things in the Vedas
there is a philosophy known as Brahman which is the ultimate reality. Brahman appearing in the
Upanishads writings cannot be seen, smelled, felt, heard, described, or imagined. I believe this is
not reality but it is like the mind where human beings create their picture of reality. The
philosophers also thought that knowing yourself is part of reality and by acquiring this
knowledge one could understand the reality. Atman is identical with Brahman and it is exactly
like the mind. Atman is beyond our knowledge to understand just like the mind. Eastern
philosophy from India therefore applies to my definition of a human being since it describes the
mind. While the early western philosophy from Greece is more akin to analyse everything that
surrounds us. Blending western and eastern philosophy from Greece and India explains how a
human being is a creation containing the two unique parts, which makes the human being
complete.
As modern philosophy came along, arriving from the closest centuries the definition of a human
being begins to weaken. The Darwinian Challenge or Darwinism disturbs my definition. I can
agree to the theory of evolution to a certain degree. It is obviously more accurate than the
Christian view of philosophy. Evolution describes why a curious animal is classified to the genus
homo and to the specific species Homo Sapiens, scientifically a human being, and the reason why
we experience our body the way we do. Simply I would like to say that it defines what a body is
and how it became the form it is now. Although when it comes to purposes that are related to the
body I do not agree at all with Darwin. The idea that the body was not created for a purpose, not
to interact and learn is outrageous. Of-course the body?s purpose is to work together with the
mind to acquire knowledge it is however not just developed by random variations without any
purposes. Without any will or purposes humans would be extinct years ago. If our purpose was
not to survive, love, or reproduce, how could we continue to live?
Finally another modern view of philosophy came from Jean Paul
Sartre. Much of what he claims applies to the definition of human beings, there is one mistake I
believe he did though. Sartre went into deep in his theories trying to hard, I am satisfied with
most of what he claimed, but some things are not logical at all. Existentialism holds true that
humans create their own nature through free responsible choices and actions. The destiny of
human beings is not fixed our life?s depend on what we choose to interact with and what we
select to learn, at least most of the time. Small children are often left without free will and choices
therefore existentialism can not be universally generalized. Sartre went to deep when he claimed
that humans are free because we are not. Everyday we learn and experience things we initially
did not choose to do, for example humans do not choose to get murdered by some hostile lunatic.
The murderer choose to kill whoever got killed therefore leaving the victim without choice and
without freedom, the victim is therefore not responsible for his own death. Human beings are not
what our choices makes us we are rather what we are influence by on our way to learn, explore,
and experience, along an endless timeline.

then what is cybogs..

Well, the easiest (and more tangible) response is that "cyborg" is short for cybernetic organism,
or what cyborg theorists Gray, Mentor, and Figueroa-Sarriera (1995) call “the melding of the
organic and the mechanic, or the engineering of a union between separate organic systems”
They admit, however, that “the range of human-machine couplings almost defies definition:
even existing human cyborgs range from the quadriplegic patient totally dependent on a vast
array of high-tech equipment to a small child with one immunization”(p. 4). Yes, this is all a bit
confusing...but many cyborgologists would say that we are all cyborgs to some extent, especially
as our daily lives become increasingly connected to technologies of all kinds.
The more theoretical response to the question, "What is a cyborg?" should probably begin with
Donna Haraway, whose 1985 paper entitled "A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and
socialist-feminism in the 1980s" ushered in the academic discourse on cyborgs, hybrid creatures
who blur the boundaries between the various boundary projects of modernity, including
human/machine, human/animal, male/female, and so on. For Haraway, the postmodern “self” is
no longer characterized by a singular, unified identity, but an assortment of politicized and
fractured cyborg “selves.” A related notion involves the attempt to take control over one's
cyborgification, whether through some sort of body modification or other medical procedures in
which there is an intimate interface with technology. Finally, Gray (2001) and others have begun
to investigate how agency and citizenship will function in cyborg societies.
Applied to sport, the image of the cyborg challenges the notion of "pure human" competitors who
rely on old-fashioned blood, sweat, and tears, and NOT chemicals, implants, and gears! The
intersection between cyborg theory and sport studies, while not yet fully developed, raises
important questions related to practices like "body policing" in elite sport, as well as ethical
questions related to the frightening prospect (or for some a foregone conclusion) of genetically
altered athletes. Regardless of one's position, reconceptualizing "human" athletes as always and
already cyborgs may render labels such as "natural" and artificial" inconsequential, and allow
athletes, spectators, and scholars alike to begin sorting through the much more complex,
politicized and uncertain terrain of the inumerable forms and ways of being cyborg in
contemporary technocultures.

Computer game

in this week, we learned about computer game..

then, what is computer game..

A computer game is any sort of game that is played using a computer.

A computer game is not necessarily a video game, or vice versa; for instance a text-based role-playing game could be played verbally by a blind person, which is clearly no longer a "video" game, and the first generation of video games, such as Pong, used dedicated electronic circuitry not even remotely resembling a computer.

next points are Mods

Mos can refer to a number of things

Internet slang for moderators, people on an Internet discussion forum who can edit or otherwise change the state of other users' comments, similar to (though less powerful than) administrators.
A mod, short for modification, is an add-on to a computer game, usually (but not always) a first-person shooter.
Modifications made to a computer in order to improve its appearance.
A British youth subculture of the 1960s. See Mods (youth movement).
MODs, computer music files created with tracker software.

and in order to operate games, we need to many game engines(ex, graphic,physics,ai,etc..)

so..what is game engine?...

In computing, a game engine is the core software component of a computer game. It typically handles rendering and may handle additional tasks such as AI, collision detection between game objects, etc. The most common element that a game engine provides is graphics rendering facilities (2D or 3D).
The term arose in the mid-1990s, especially in connection with 3D games such as first-person shooters. Such was the popularity of id Software's Doom and Quake games that rather than work from scratch, other developers licensed the core portions of the software and designed their own graphics, characters, weapons and levels—the "game content" or "game assets."
Later games, such as Quake 3 and Epic's 1998 Unreal were designed with this approach in mind, with the engine and content developed separately. The licensing of such technology has proved to be a useful auxiliary revenue stream for some game developers. At the very least, reusable engines make developing game sequels much easier and faster, a valuable advantage in the competitive computer game industry.
The continued refinement of game engines has allowed a strong separation between rendering, scripting, artwork, and level design. It is now common (as of 2003), for example, for a typical game development team to be composed of artists and programmers in an 80/20 ratio.
A practical definition of a game engine is whatever most game developers would prefer not to write (as opposed to the things that make their game seminal, such as levels, artwork, textures, animation, sound tracks, etc.). The extreme realization of this idea has been for some game developers to take existing games and simply modify their art resources.
Game engine development is a popular project amongst computer science students, hobbyists, and game developers alike. It can require strong interdisciplanry understanding of geometry, color theory, and computing. Being largely visual, however, these developers consider it fun and rewarding. Crystal Space, for example, is a popular open source multiplatform game engine

what makes a good game , it is important thing

i think that popular gmae is a good game :)

hot and cool media

Telephone is a cool medium, or one of low definition, because the ear is given a meager amount of information. And speech is a cool medium of low definition, because so little is given and so much has to be filled in by the listener. On the other hand, hot media do not leave so much to be filled in or completed by the audience. Hot media are, therefore, low in participation, and cool media are high in participation or completion by the audience. Naturally, therefore, a hot medium ... has very different effects on the user from a cool medium...

computer-aid

CSCW

•computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) is a field of research and design. (ex: CAD/CAM, ABB Powerwall, Drug Design)
–researchers in this field investigate how people work together in groups, and design computer-systems and networks to enable or facilitate group work.
–CSCW is considered to a part of a larger field known as CHI or HCI: human-computer interaction (HCI) design, evaluation, implementation, and study of interactive computing systems for human use.
–Practitioners include Lucy Suchman, Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores (as well as several hundred others in university and corporate research laboratories).

it is a point that....Every digital media technology has an architecture that can be used to transform work, play and governance. !!

history of surveillance: the panopticon

Panopticon developed by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century for prison
similar designs adapted for hospitals and factories
in the 18th century prisons and hospitals known, in France, collectively as “environments of humanity”

Agre’s “capture model”

linguistic metaphors for human activities as simulating them to the constructs of computer system’s representation languages
the assumption that the linguistic “parsing” of human activities involves active intervention and reorganization
structural metaphors: the captured activity is figuratively assembled from a “catalog” of parts decentralized and heterogeneous organization
aims are market financed and operationally accomplished using a set of computational formalisms

Ford assembly line circa 1925

modern times

human-computer interaction

we learnd about.....following this week

•key point that has implications for the aesthetic, ethics and evaluation of human-computer interaction

•history of HCI from a tools perspective

•conversational models of the interface: the intersection of AI and HCI

•question for today: what problem does Weizenbaum’s ELIZA system address or solve?

•the answer of AI

•the answer of Ethnomethodology

human-computer interaction

Human–computer interaction (HCI) is the study of interaction between people (users) and computers. It is often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences, design and several other fields of study. Interaction between users and computers occurs at the user interface (or simply interface), which includes both software and hardware, for example, general-purpose computer peripherals and large-scale mechanical systems, such as aircraft and power plants. The following definition is given by the Association for Computing Machinery[1]:
"Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them."
Because human-computer interaction studies a human and a machine in conjunction, it draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques in computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, communication theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, linguistics, social sciences, cognitive psychology, and human performance are relevant. And, of course, engineering and design methods are relevant.HCI is also sometimes referred to as man–machine interaction (MMI) or computer–human interaction

•People often interact with media technologies as though the technologies were people.

and about design..

If we view objects, technologies and natural phenomenon as if they do, in fact, have goals and intentions, then we will design like an artificial intelligence researcher.
On the other hand, if we view objects, technologies and natural phenomenon as if the just look like they have goals and intentions, then we will design like a tool builder for human “users” or “operators” of our tools.

History of HCI as tools people..

–Vannevar Bush: memex
–J.C.R. Licklider: computer networking, agents
–Ivan Sutherland: sketchpad
–Doug Engelbart: mouse, GUI, word processing, etc.
–Ted Nelson: hypertext
–Alan Kay: object-oriented programming, laptops, ...

and let;s think about aliza system.

the artificial intelligence answer: it does (or does not) behave like a human and is therefore successful (or not successful)
the ethnomethodology answer: it is taken to be a like a person in a conversation and thus simply works like most other technologies in a social situation

and aliza's algorithm

•If the last two answers were “No,” then answer “Yes.”
•Else, if more than 20 total answers, then answer “Yes.”
•Else, if the question ends in vowel, then answer “No.”
•Else, if question ends in “Y,” then answer “Maybe.”
•Else, answer “Yes.”

it's a simple mathod but creative !!

Artificial Intelligence

Alan Turing





Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (23 June 1912–7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer.
Turing is often considered to be the father of modern computer science. Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. With the Turing test, he made a significant and characteristically provocative contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence: whether it will ever be possible to say that a machine is conscious and can think. He later worked at the National Physical Laboratory, creating one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, although it was never actually built. In 1948 he moved to the University of Manchester to work on the Manchester Mark I, then emerging as one of the world's earliest true computers.
During the Second World War Turing worked at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre, and was for a time head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.






artificial intelligence: a definition






artificial intelligence [AI] is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence [as] if done by [humans]

i agree..!!..

and

artificial intelligence: research areas

•Knowledge Representation
•Programming Languages
•Natural Language (e.g., Story) Understanding
•Speech Understanding
•Vision
•Robotics
•Machine Learning
•Planning
•………..

amazing and..hard!!

planning as a technical problem..

following(Tower of Hanoi) is famous problem in discrete mathematics

Most toy versions of the puzzle have 8 disks. The game seems impossible to many novices, yet is solvable with a simple algorithm

[edit] Simple solution
The following solution is a simple solution for the toy puzzle.
Alternate moves between the smallest piece and a non-smallest piece. When moving the smallest piece, always move it in the same direction (either to the left or to the right, but be consistent). If there is no tower in the chosen direction, move it to the opposite end. When the turn is to move the non-smallest piece, there is only one legal move

anyway.. this lecture was fun and good^^

Social networks

this week, we learned about social networks as something.

first, social networks as science..

social network analysis is an interdisciplinary social science, but has been of especial concern to sociologists;
recently, physicists and mathematicians have made large contributions to understanding networks in general (as graphs) and thus contributed to an understanding of social networks too

so , i think that networks are part in science..

next social networks as technology

email, newsgroups, and weblogs in the design of the arpanet (the forerunner to the internet) email was an afterthought!

fanally social networks as art

so, i think that central factor is important